نبدة عن تاريخ البوكيمياء. كيف ظهر تخصص البيوكيمياء؟
Biochemistry History
The history of biochemistry extends back approximately 400 years. It is new to chemistry, so the term 'biochemistry' appears to have been used for the first time in 1882, but its use was first proposed in 1903 by Carl Neuberg. The study of urea helped establish the concept of biochemistry, as it was believed that only living organisms could produce life molecules from other biomolecules that the organism had already attracted. The urine was given as an example to support the belief that life is not subject to the laws of science.
يمتد تاريخ البيوكيمياء (الكيمياء الحيوية) إلى ما يقرب من 400 عام. وهو حديث العهد بالنسبة إلى الكيمياء، لهدا فإن مصطلح 'الكيمياء الحيوية' يبدو أنه استخدم لأول مرة في عام 1882، إلا أن اقتراح استعماله لأول مرة كان في سنة 1903 بواسطة كارل نوربيرغ (Carl Neuberg).
الجدل بين التخليق الكيميائي والتخليق الحيوي وترسيخ مفهوم البيوكيمياء
ساعدت دراسة البولة أو اليوريا (Urea, Urée) في ترسيخ مفهوم البيوكيمياء حيث كان يُعتقد أن الكائنات الحية فقط هي التي يمكنها إنتاج جزيئات الحياة انطلاقا من جزيئات حيوية أخرى يستقطبها مسبقا الكائن الحي وكانت البولة تعطى كمثل لتزكية الاعتقاد أن الحياة لا تخضع لقوانين العلم.
لكن في سنة 1828، نشر فريدريك فولر (Friedrich Wöhler) بحثا يظهر إمكانية تخليق اليوريا بغياب الكائن الحي، مما رسخ اعتماد مفهوم البيوكيمياء موازاة مع الكيمياء
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Morocco: Overview of Scientific Research and Education
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Morocco: Overview of Scientific Research and Education
Baaziz, M. IUBMB Life,60(5): 285-286, May 2008
Just after independence in 1956, Morocco had only one university, the Mohamed V University, in Rabat, the capital of the country. In 2008, it boasts of 14 universities including a private institution. From the beginning of university education, programmes in biology at the Faculty of Sciences initially focused on natural sciences, in which biochemistry comprised one of many sub-jects. Given the general nature of this training, the Moroccan system produced non specialized graduates. Indeed, the major objective was to train a native teaching corps for secondary education to replace the mass of foreign teachers, which, until then, had been responsible for this level of education. Further-more, at the onset of university education, scientific research activities were very limited with respect to biochemistry and molecular biology. Consequently, there was no return effect on the education in these disciplines ……………………
A survey carried out in 1995 by the National Centre of Scientific and Technical Research showed that only a part of the 4% of research units among a thousand in Morocco performs research in biochemistry and molecular biology. Even before the National Charter of Education in 1999, Morocco showed a clear need to develop scientific research and education in biochemistry and molecular biology. Indeed, in 1992 the educational body of our universities began to contemplate the development of an association. The fruit of this effort emerged in 1995 with the setting up of the Moroccan Society of Biochemistry, currently called the 'Moroccan Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology' (SMBBM)….. Continued ..
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology education. Learning problems and proposed solutions
Baaziz, M. Joint International Scientific Event of the Third International SMBBM Congress of Biochemistry, IUBMB Special Meeting on plant stresses and Sixth FASBMB Congress, April 20-25, 2009, Marrakech, Morocco
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology education. Learning problems and proposed solutions
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology education is faced the lack of ideal methods for learning because of the difficulties to assure experimental approach without it the description of numerous experiments becomes heavy and time consuming. Only the laboratory could be the most formative tool. The book cannot be indeed experimental. Generally, valuable learning of biochemistry and molecular biology is linked to the existence of a well developed local scientific research. In addition, adapted methods of biochemistry education become necessary. The establishment of a modern biochemistry education depends on many elements, such as 1) acquisition of concepts for viewing molecular structures in the space, which allows the understanding of the real structure of molecules and the definition of their anatomy, 2) Use of appropriate tools for representing reaction mechanisms, since metabolism in living cells is being described on a more and more detailed level. For example, the presentation of the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis remains difficult to accomplish because it often involves several successive steps. Their fragmentation in many parts on a blackboard or a paper, does not allow enough knowledge on the phenomenon dynamics. Creating animations with atoms in displacement and being exchanged in uninterrupted fluxes, is of great help in understanding biochemistry reactions, and 3) involvement of Biochemistry in the total understanding of the live functioning. Distinctions between biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, histology and other disciplines, are artificial partitioning. In all cases, the computer-based learning becomes necessary to achieve all steps of biochemistry and molecular biology education. In addition, most textbooks will be web-based and courses will be in the format of long-distance learning; laboratories may become ‘virtual’. The tendency towards using the computer-based learning Biochemistry and molecular biology will be more accentuated since these disciplines will continue to be driven by genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, and pharmacogenetics.
تحميل ملفات حول البيوكيمياء
Biochemistry Downloads
حتى يكتمل استيعاب البيوكيمياء من طرف العديد من الطلبة، هناك العديد من الملفات متوفرة بلغات متعددة (عربية، فرنسية، أنجليزية) والتي يمكن تحميلها